![]() ![]() The knowledge gained can inform iterative risk management of health systems, based upon learning, so that future adaptation actions are appropriately designed, refined, and implemented. ![]() M&E indicators should help identify good adaptation practices for replication and scaling up. This tracking includes three main elements: (1) vulnerability, risk, and exposure for both populations and health systems (2) impacts on population health and on health systems and (3) adaptation and resilience in populations and health systems, across scales from local to national. Health adaptation indicators for monitoring, evaluation, and learning (M&E) are needed to track the health impacts of climate change, and efforts to adapt and build resilience. This paper describes an approach to climate and health indicators, including characteristics of the indicators, implementation, and research needs. Barriers and constraints to implementing such indicators must be addressed, and lessons learned need to be added to the evidence base. And they must account for uncertainties about the magnitude and pattern of climate change the broad range of upstream drivers of climate-sensitive health outcomes and the complexities of adaptation itself, including institutional learning and knowledge management to inform iterative risk management. Selected indicators must be sensitive, valid, and useful. These indicators are needed at the population level and at the health systems level (including clinical care and public health). Improved indicators are needed in three broad categories: (1) vulnerability and exposure to climate-related hazards (2) current impacts and projected risks and (3) adaptation processes and health system resilience. However, conventional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) as practiced in the health sector, including the use of indicators, does not adequately serve this purpose. Climate change poses a range of current and future health risks that health professionals need to understand, track, and manage.
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